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Histoplasmosis
 
HISTOPLASMOSIS
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About the Disease
Histoplasmosis (histo) is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It's found in soil that contains a buildup of bird or bat droppings or guano that has accumulated over a period of years. Histo may also be found in chicken houses, barns, attics or anywhere bats have lived or birds have roosted for an extended period of time.

Histo is transmitted when people breathe air containing the fungus, which can occur in any place where there is a great amount of bird or bat droppings, or even up to several miles from that place if the contaminated soil is aerosolized, such as during an excavation for a building site.

Most people exposed to the infectious spores do not develop symptoms, but some may complain of fever and other self-limiting flu-like symptoms. If infected, a person may experience histoplasmosis differently depending on factors such as whether the infected person is healthy, how many fungal spores the person inhaled, and whether or not the infected person has a compromised immune system. In rare instances, some people may develop pneumonia or another infection that could be life threatening.

Illness may not appear until years after leaving an area where histo was acquired. People in which this may occur normally have ill-functioning immune systems, such as people undergoing cancer treatment or those with AIDS.


 
AT A GLANCE
What it is: Histoplasmosis (histo) is a fungal infection found in soil that has been fertilized by bird or bat droppings or guano that has accumulated over a period of years.
Transmission: Histo is primarily acquired when a person or animal inhales the spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. These spores can be found in or near sites where birds or bats have roosted, including but not limited to chicken houses, barns and attics. The infection cannot be transmitted directly from person to person or animal to person.

Symptoms: For otherwise healthy people, histo may not cause any illness at all, or at most may look like a mild respiratory disease, with fever, cough, chest pain and fatigue. In more severe cases, histo may cause pneumonia and enlargement of the lymph glands in the lungs.

Severity of infection depends on how many spores the person inhaled and whether or not the person infected is already ill with a previous condition.

For example, in patients with emphysema, histo can cause chronic lung infection, with a phlegm-producing cough, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats and fatigue (similar to symptoms of tuberculosis).

Histo also can cause inflammation of the lining around the heart, a condition called pericarditis. Symptoms are still flu-like, but last longer.

In patients with impaired immune systems, histo may cause a more severe disease, which can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bone marrow (causing anemia). These are the patients that could die if not diagnosed and treated.

High risk groups: People who have inhaled a large concentration of spores of the fungus. This could include people who have spent time around excavation sites with a large number of bird or bat droppings or people whose hobbies lead them to be around sites where bats are or birds roost. Those with compromised immune systems are especially at risk.
Prevention: Contact health officials prior to working in areas in which it is known that bats or birds roost or have roosted, particularly areas where this might have been going on for several years, producing a high organic content of droppings in an undisturbed environment. The MDH can provide suggestions and information regarding proper protective measures to decrease potential risk of exposure to persons engaging in clean up activities.

To eliminate a bird or bat roost, persons can contact the Mississippi Office of the United States Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Service (USDA-WS), located in Starkville at 662-325-3014. The agency can offer guidance or conduct abatement projects.

Cleanup: For sites with large amounts of bird or bat droppings, see our suggestions for cleanup of contaminated sites.

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LINKS
For More Information
The National Center for Disease Control
U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services
MEDLINEplus, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health
The National Eye Institute
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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CASES
Histoplasmosis Cases By Year

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CONTACT

Get in Touch
To find out more, contact your local health office, or call our Health Info Hotline at 1-866-HLTHY4U (1-866-458-4948)

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